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Classical Chinese on the gaokao: sentence patterns you must know

Judgment sentences, passives, inverted objects — a handful of patterns cover most of what the exam tests.

The classical Chinese section (文言文) tests a small number of grammatical patterns and a large number of function words. The grammar is the faster win.

Judgment sentences: '……者,……也' and its variants. Once you recognise the frame, you can translate the 'X is Y' claim without hesitating.

Passive constructions: '为……所……' and '见……于……'. These catch out students who read them as active by default. Slow down whenever 为 or 见 appears as the second character in a clause.

Object inversion in questions and negatives: '何……之有?' means 'what … is there?'. Recognise the shape before you try a word-for-word translation.

Omitted subjects are everywhere. When a sentence stops making sense, supply the missing subject before deciding you have misread a character.

Practise on the same twenty passages until you can read them cold. That is worth more than reading two hundred passages once each.

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